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Wednesday, January 14, 2015

Ram ( Random Access memory)

RAM ( Random Access memory)

Ram (pronounced ramm) stand for Random Access memory

RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers

The primary function of Ram provide a temporary storage.
Place for information about devices and application.Ram chip is "VOLATILE" meaning without power can be store data.


Random access memory (RAM) is the best known form of computer memory. RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell.

memory chip is an integrated circuit (IC) made of millions of transistors and capacitors. In the most common form of computer memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a transistor and a capacitor are paired to create a memory cell, which represents a single bit of data. The capacitor holds the bit of information -- a 0 or a 1 (see How Bits and Bytes Work for information on bits)












 
Single In-line Pin Package (SIPP)
Single In-line Memory Module (SIMM)
Dual In-line Memory Module (DIMM)
Rambus In-line Memory Module (RIMM)


DRAM  DRAM (pronounced dee-ram) to distinguish it from static RAM (SRAM). Static RAM is faster and less volatile than dynamic RAM, but it requires more power and is more expensive.
DRAM connectivity on DIPP (DUAL IN LINE PACKAGE) use 8086 to 8088,and speed is 16kb to 256kb.


EDO (Extended Data Out RAM) connectivity on SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module).EDO Ram use in 286 to p1..
their are two type of edo ram
1:contain 1 to 30 pins and 4 chip maximum cache 2MB
2:contain 1 to 72 pins and 8 chip maximum cache 8MB.














EDO (Extended Data Out RAM) connectivity on SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module).EDO Ram use in 286 to p1..
their are two type of edo ram
1:conntain 1 to 30 pins and 4 chip maximum cache 2MB
2:conntain 1 to 72 pins and 8 chip maximum cache 8MB.











Synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM)

Synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) is dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that
SD RAM (Synchronous dynamic random access memory) connectivity on DIMM(DUAL IN LINE MEMMORY MODULE) use in p2 to p3.Contain 168 pins and clip holding.
is synchronized with the system bus.






RD ram (ROMBUS DYNAMIC)
only use in p4 starting, 800 bus speed 1.66ghz.RD-RAM connectivity on RIMM (Rambus in-line memory module).it connect on pair from that's why it is remove,it not connect in single form.

Double data rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory (DDR SDRAM)
use complete in p4 233to 33mhz contain 1 to 184  pin and having cut on starting 512mb to 2gb.




DDR2
1gb to 4gb 333 to 8000 bus speed use in Dual core and Quad core .it contain 1 to 248 pins and cut at center(mid Cut).


DDR3

433 to 1.6ghz use in core i2 ,i5 and i7.it contain 1 to 204 pins and at end cut(3rd quarter cut)



 

Monday, January 12, 2015

Network troubleshooting tools are a necessity for every network administrator

  (Networking-troubleshooting SOFT TOOLS.)

Why Networking-troubleshooting happening?


Network Troubleshooting TOOLS, Are a Necessity For Every Network Administrator

 PING Commend

  • The most commonly used network tool is the ping utility this utility is used to provide a basic connectivity test between the requesting host and a destination host. This is done by using the Internet Control-Message Protocol (I.C.M.P) , which has the ability to send an echo packet to a destination host and a mechanism to listen for a response from this host. Simply stated if the requesting host receives a response from the destination host this host is reachable, this utilities is commonly used to provide a basic pictures of where a specific networking problem may exist for example, "if an Internet connection is down at an offices.The ping utilities can be used to figures out whether the problems exists within the office or within the network of the Internet provider."

FREE open source tools for Network ADMINS: DIG


  • D.N.S Problems Plague us All, and they are easily Overlooked when Troubleshooting.So you need a reliable tools that provides Detailed Information about,How users D.N.S Queries are being resolved. Why not use the tool made by the Internet Systems Consortium.The same group that produces the BIND DNS server software running the majority of D.N.S servers worldwide?

Tracert/trace-route


  • Typically once the ping utility (to Ping Router) has been used to Determine Basic connectivity.The Tracery/trace-route utility which can used to Determine more specific Information about the Path to the destinations host Including the routes. The packets takes and the |Response time of these Intermediate hosts, the tracery utility & trace-route Utilities perform the same functions but operate on differents operating systems.

I.P config/if config

  • 1 of the most important things that must be Completed when, "Troubleshooting a Networking issue is to find out the specific I.P configuration of the variously affected hosts, some-times this informations is Already known when Addressing is Configured statically, but when a Dynamic Addressing Method is used, The I.P Address (M.A.C Address) of each host can potentially change often."

Route

The last of the Tools covered in this article is the Route Utility, this Utility is used to display the current status of the Routing Table on a Host. While the use of the route utility is limited in common Situations where the host only has a single I.P address with a (single Gateway or default -gateway), it's vital in other Situations where multiple I.P address and (Multiple Gateways) are available



Wireless Device.INFRARED (I.R.D.A)

Wireless Device

Wireless(Infrared) (I.R.D.A) ...What is Wireless and how it work  ??

 INFRARED (I.R.D.A)

Wireless Devices is type of P.A.N (Personal Area Network)

  • I.R.D.A data output up to 4mbps
  • I.R.D.A security (none)
  • I.R.D.A communication (Point to Point)
  • I.R.D.A length/Device (up to 15 meter)
  • Hardware connectivity P.C.I/U.S.B
  • Connectivity between two nearest devices
  • Watch this video and know about wireless



Wireless (infrared) (IRDA) part 2


Wireless part 3 free video Free video tutorial

Wireless part 4



Networking concepts..Microsoft Training

 Networking concepts

Microsoft Training

Their are 4 types of network.
PAN (Personal Area Network)
LAN (Local Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)


PAN

Two Nearest devices Connectivity Called PAN.

Infrared and Bluetooth 

IRDA(infrared )

Wireless Devices

IRDA data output up to 4meter
IRDA Secuirty (no)
IRDA communication (point to Point)
IRDA Hardware connectivity PCI/USB

Bluetooth  

Wireless Devices

B.T are Three types Class A 4mbps,Class B 10 Mbps and Class C 30Mbps
B.T Security (yes)
B.T Communicate * (star)
B.T Hardware Connectivity Built-en/USB


 

 



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