how do Installing and Removing a Motherboard

Installing a Motherboard

 

            When installing a motherboard, you should follow the instructions in the motherboard

            manual. Whether you are installing a new motherboard or replacing one, the

            motherboard manual is your most important tool. In addition to listing the components

            supported, the typical motherboard manual includes instructions on installing the

            motherboard in a case, and installing components, such as the CPU, memory, and

            power supply. The motherboard manual will explain how to set appropriate switches on

            the motherboard and how to attach all the various related cables.

            EXERCISE 3-1

 Removing an Old Motherboard

 

            1. If you haven’t done this already, power down and unplug the PC’s power cord.

           

            2. Remove all expansion cards and cables from the motherboard.

           

            3. If the drives and/or the drive bays interfere with access to the motherboard,

            remove them.

           

            4. Remove any screws or fasteners attaching the motherboard to the case, lift

            the board out of the case, and put it aside. Be sure to carefully save any screws

            you remove.

            The first three steps of Exercise 3-2 describe a recommended procedure for handling

            a motherboard, which applies to any circuit board. The remainder of Exercise 3-2

            includes general steps for installing a motherboard. It assumes that BIOS, CMOS,

            CMOS battery, and chipset have come preinstalled on the motherboard (as is

            customary). Always check the instructions packed with the motherboard or other

            component.

            EXERCISE 3-2

            Proper Handling and Installation of a Motherboard

           

            1. Before unpacking a new motherboard, ensure that you have grounded your

            body properly. One method is to wear a static safety wrist strap, as described

            2. Hold the board by its edges and avoid touching any component on it. Always

            avoid touching module contacts and IC chips.

           

            3. Place the board on a grounded antistatic mat or on

            the antistatic bag that came with the board (unless the instructions recommend against this).

           

            4. Install the CPU and memory on the motherboard, per manufacturers’ instructions.

           

            5. Follow the motherboard manual’s instructions for setting any switches on the

            motherboard and pay attention to instructions for how to attach stand-off

            screws, which keep the motherboard from touching the metal floor or wall of

            the case. Now you are ready to install the board.

           

            6. To place the new (or replacement) board in the computer, line it up properly

            on the chassis screw holes, and fix it into place.

           

            7. Attach the power and drive connectors as well as connectors to the correct

            ports on the case.

Installing Motherboards, CPUs, and Memory

Installing Motherboards, CPUs, and Memory

            Installing and upgrading a motherboard requires that you understand the CPU

            models that will work with the motherboard, as well as the appropriate type of

            memory compatible with both the motherboard and the amount of memory it can

            handle. Therefore, we address these three topics together in this section.

            Selecting a Motherboard, CPU, and Memory Combination

            several motherboard form factors, each with different layouts, components, and specifications. Each motherboard is unique in terms of the memory, processor, and type and number of expansion slots it supports.In other words, you cannot tell which components a motherboard supports solely by knowing the form factor of motherboard. Therefore, you must always check the manufacturer’s documentation before you select a motherboard and the components you wish to install on it. Any motherboard manual contains a list of installed and  supported components, such as CPUs and memory.

 CPU Sockets

 

            When selecting a CPU, it is important to make sure that it is compatible with the

            type and speed of the motherboard. Motherboards can typically use only one or two

            processor models and can usually handle only two or three different processor speeds.

            The two major CPU manufacturers, Intel and AMD, each offer, at any given

            time, only a few current processor lines, but numerous processor models within each

            line. One of the many differences between the individual processor models is how

            the processor attaches to the motherboard, referred to as the socket.

            At this writing, the majority of processors from both manufacturers use some

            variation of pin grid array (PGA) socket, meaning that the processor has a square

            array of pins (numbered in the many hundreds) that insert into a matching socket

            on the motherboard. In most cases, the word “socket” is used. In many cases, but

            not in all, a number that indicates the number of pins in the array follows the word

            “socket.” For instance, some AMD processors have 939 pins and use “Socket 939.”

            Read the motherboard and CPU documentation very carefully to be sure that the

            CPU and socket match, because there are many versions of PGA sockets.

            Furthermore, the CPU socket on the motherboard will usually have a mechanism

            to make it easier to install the CPU without damaging pins. The most common

            method involves a lever on the side of the socket that you raise to open the socket.

            To use this type of socket, commonly called a zero insertion force (ZIF)  socket,

          position the CPU with all pins inserted in the matching socket holes. Then close

            the lever, which lets the socket contact each of the CPU’s pins. In all cases, do not

            count on these simple instructions, but follow those provided in the manuals that

            come with the motherboard and CPU.

 Memory Sockets

 

            By knowing a CPU’s address bus width, you will know the maximum system RAM

            capacity it can access. The minimum amount of memory to install is best determined

            by considering the requirements of the operating system to be installed and how the

            computer will be used

            In addition, by knowing the CPU’s data bus width, you will know how many

            RAM modules you must install at a time to create a full memory bank. Before

            purchasing a motherboard, ensure that it has the proper RAM and CPU slots, and

            that the CMOS settings are appropriate for your needs.

            A motherboard must support both the technology and the form factor of a

            memory module, such as SIMM, RIMM, or DIMM. The system must also support

            the data width of the memory as well as its method of error correction. Today’s

            typical motherboard has DIMM or RIMM memory sockets. If you work on older PCs

            with processors predating the Pentium 4, you may see SIMM sockets. Your choice

            of memory modules will depend on what type of memory the motherboard supports.

            Here is a brief description of each type.

what is Power Problems in Computer and in laptop

 Power Problems

 

        Laptop-specific power problems involve the rechargeable batteries and the external AC power adapters that put the portability into laptops.

What Is CompTIA A+ Certification?

CompTIA A+Certification All-in-One Exam Guide

CompTIA A+ All-in-One Exam

 Guide Every profession requires specialized skills. For the most part, if you want to get or keep a job that requires those specialized skills, you need some type of certification or license. If you want a job fixing automobiles, for example, you get the Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) certification. If you want to perform companies’ financial audits, you get your Certified Public Accountant (CPA) certification.Nearly every profession has some criteria that you must meet to show your compe
-
tence and ability to perform at a certain level. Although the way this works varies widely
from one profession to another, all of them will at some point make you take an exam
or series of exams. Passing these exams proves that you have the necessary skills to
work at a certain level in your profession, whether you’re an aspiring plumber, teacher,
barber, or lawyer.
If you successfully pass these exams, the organization that administers those exams
grants you certification. You receive some piece of paper or pin or membership card
that you can show to potential clients or employers. This certification gives those clients
or employers a level of confidence that you can do what you say you can do. Without
this certification, either you will not find suitable work in that profession or no one will
trust you to do the work.
The Importance of CompTIA A+ Certification
Microcomputers were introduced in the late 1970s, and for many years PC technicians
did not have a universally recognized way to show clients or employers that they know
what to do under the hood of a personal computer. Sure, vendor-specific certifications
existed, but the only way to get them was to get a job at an authorized warranty or
repair facility first and then get the certification. Not that there’s anything wrong with
vendor-specific training; it’s just that no single manufacturer has taken enough market
share to make IBM training, for example, something that works for any job. (Then there
is always that little detail of getting the job first before you can be certified....)
The software/networking side of our business has not suffered from the same lack of
certifications. Due to the dominance of certain companies at one time or another (for
example, Microsoft and Cisco), the vendor-specific certifications have provided a great
way to get and keep a job. For example, Microsoft’s
Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer
(MCSE) and Cisco’s Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) have opened the doors for many.
But what about the person who runs around all day repairing printers, repartition-ing hard drives, upgrading device drivers, and assembling systems? What about the
PC hobbyists who want to be paid for their skills? What about the folks who, because
they had the audacity to show that they knew the difference between CMOS and a
command prompt, find themselves with a new title such as PC Support Technician or
Electronic Services Specialist? On the other hand, how about the worst title of them all:
“The Person Who Doesn’t Get a Nickel Extra but Who Fixes the Computers?”

What Is CompTIA A+ Certification?

CompTIA A+ certification is an industry-wide, vendor-neutral certification program developed and sponsored by the Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA). The
CompTIA A+ certification shows that you have a basic competence in supporting microcomputers. You achieve this certification by taking two computer-based, multiple-choice examinations. The tests cover what technicians should know after nine months of full-time PC support experience. CompTIA A+ certification enjoys wide recognition throughout the computer industry. To date, more than 800,000 technicians have become CompTIA A+ certified, making it the most popular of all IT certifications.

About the CD-ROM

About the CD-ROM

Can you Known about C-D ROM ?/

Ram ( Random Access memory)

RAM ( Random Access memory)

Ram (pronounced ramm) stand for Random Access memory

RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers

The primary function of Ram provide a temporary storage.
Place for information about devices and application.Ram chip is "VOLATILE" meaning without power can be store data.


Random access memory (RAM) is the best known form of computer memory. RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell.

memory chip is an integrated circuit (IC) made of millions of transistors and capacitors. In the most common form of computer memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a transistor and a capacitor are paired to create a memory cell, which represents a single bit of data. The capacitor holds the bit of information -- a 0 or a 1 (see How Bits and Bytes Work for information on bits)

 
Single In-line Pin Package (SIPP)
Single In-line Memory Module (SIMM)
Dual In-line Memory Module (DIMM)
Rambus In-line Memory Module (RIMM)

DRAM  DRAM (pronounced dee-ram) to distinguish it from static RAM (SRAM). Static RAM is faster and less volatile than dynamic RAM, but it requires more power and is more expensive.
DRAM connectivity on DIPP (DUAL IN LINE PACKAGE) use 8086 to 8088,and speed is 16kb to 256kb.

EDO (Extended Data Out RAM) connectivity on SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module).EDO Ram use in 286 to p1..
their are two type of edo ram
1:contain 1 to 30 pins and 4 chip maximum cache 2MB
2:contain 1 to 72 pins and 8 chip maximum cache 8MB.

EDO (Extended Data Out RAM) connectivity on SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module).EDO Ram use in 286 to p1..
their are two type of edo ram
1:conntain 1 to 30 pins and 4 chip maximum cache 2MB
2:conntain 1 to 72 pins and 8 chip maximum cache 8MB.

Synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM)

Synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) is dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that
SD RAM (Synchronous dynamic random access memory) connectivity on DIMM(DUAL IN LINE MEMMORY MODULE) use in p2 to p3.Contain 168 pins and clip holding.

is synchronized with the system bus.






RD ram (ROMBUS DYNAMIC)
only use in p4 starting, 800 bus speed 1.66ghz.RD-RAM connectivity on RIMM (Rambus in-line memory module).it connect on pair from that's why it is remove,it not connect in single form.

Double data rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory (DDR SDRAM)
use complete in p4 233to 33mhz contain 1 to 184  pin and having cut on starting 512mb to 2gb.

DDR2
1gb to 4gb 333 to 8000 bus speed use in Dual core and Quad core .it contain 1 to 248 pins and cut at center(mid Cut).


DDR3

433 to 1.6ghz use in core i2 ,i5 and i7.it contain 1 to 204 pins and at end cut(3rd quarter cut)



 

Network troubleshooting tools are a necessity for every network administrator

  (Networking-troubleshooting SOFT TOOLS.)

Why Networking-troubleshooting happening?

Network Troubleshooting TOOLS, Are a Necessity For Every Network Administrator

 PING Commend

• The most commonly used network tool is the ping utility this utility is used to provide a basic connectivity test between the requesting host and a destination host. This is done by using the Internet Control-Message Protocol (I.C.M.P) , which has the ability to send an echo packet to a destination host and a mechanism to listen for a response from this host. Simply stated if the requesting host receives a response from the destination host this host is reachable, this utilities is commonly used to provide a basic pictures of where a specific networking problem may exist for example, "if an Internet connection is down at an offices.The ping utilities can be used to figures out whether the problems exists within the office or within the network of the Internet provider."

FREE open source tools for Network ADMINS: DIG

• D.N.S Problems Plague us All, and they are easily Overlooked when Troubleshooting.So you need a reliable tools that provides Detailed Information about,How users D.N.S Queries are being resolved. Why not use the tool made by the Internet Systems Consortium.The same group that produces the BIND DNS server software running the majority of D.N.S servers worldwide?

Tracert/trace-route

• Typically once the ping utility (to Ping Router) has been used to Determine Basic connectivity.The Tracery/trace-route utility which can used to Determine more specific Information about the Path to the destinations host Including the routes. The packets takes and the |Response time of these Intermediate hosts, the tracery utility & trace-route Utilities perform the same functions but operate on differents operating systems.

I.P config/if config

• 1 of the most important things that must be Completed when, "Troubleshooting a Networking issue is to find out the specific I.P configuration of the variously affected hosts, some-times this informations is Already known when Addressing is Configured statically, but when a Dynamic Addressing Method is used, The I.P Address (M.A.C Address) of each host can potentially change often."

Route

The last of the Tools covered in this article is the Route Utility, this Utility is used to display the current status of the Routing Table on a Host. While the use of the route utility is limited in common Situations where the host only has a single I.P address with a (single Gateway or default -gateway), it's vital in other Situations where multiple I.P address and (Multiple Gateways) are available

Wireless Device.INFRARED (I.R.D.A)

Wireless Device

Wireless(Infrared) (I.R.D.A) ...What is Wireless and how it work  ??

 INFRARED (I.R.D.A)

Wireless Devices is type of P.A.N (Personal Area Network)

• I.R.D.A data output up to 4mbps
• I.R.D.A security (none)
• I.R.D.A communication (Point to Point)
• I.R.D.A length/Device (up to 15 meter)
• Hardware connectivity P.C.I/U.S.B
• Connectivity between two nearest devices
• Watch this video and know about wireless

Wireless (infrared) (IRDA) part 2


Wireless part 3 free video Free video tutorial

Wireless part 4

Networking concepts..Microsoft Training

 Networking concepts

Microsoft Training

Their are 4 types of network.

PAN (Personal Area Network)

LAN (Local Area Network)

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

WAN (Wide Area Network)

PAN

Two Nearest devices Connectivity Called PAN.

Infrared and Bluetooth 

IRDA(infrared )

Wireless Devices

IRDA data output up to 4meter
IRDA Secuirty (no)
IRDA communication (point to Point)
IRDA Hardware connectivity PCI/USB

Bluetooth  

Wireless Devices

B.T are Three types Class A 4mbps,Class B 10 Mbps and Class C 30Mbps
B.T Security (yes)
B.T Communicate * (star)
B.T Hardware Connectivity Built-en/USB